Genel
Elektronik Laboratuvar Deneyleri
! " #$$%i
!!! "#$%##&’() * ## +,% - * ’##-#%# # . %/#$0%1 - * ’##2 #, !"# !$%&"#’ 3( "#$%##4(%(5/3! ( 66 . %/#7$%%8$$’#%##%9 8#(: (, %#$("#$%##$: %%(: ((#: # /(: (* ##%1 #’/2 (: 3 ;/<%#=* > ii
!"#$
!"!$%"%&%’(
)*+’ ,
- ".* *"%"%/.+.’0
( ".* *"1%’’" &
0 +!*%’’" & (
2 %’’" & 3.* .4 "4,
5 3.%’’" & * 5
6 71%’’" & -
, 7 )*+-5
8+%’’" & * 9 !/:.+/; % 7%.+..4(-
!< ./4 ’ (6
= > ? =7 @ =A B 0(
=+ ? =7 @ =A B00
=! =C02
-=+D ? 05
(=C 3!+."406
iii
#<"#$%##?’$%#. %/#7$%%@ /%$%(’%###* : (%(1 /’A,%#’/1 ’(%30%’##/##=##/%##=#% $%#$’#<((1 ((’(%3&%(’=’,<((=% * <%$* : (%((1 %(’%$%##1 #%30%’#/’/%(( : (2 (’(’’/’%/A/%%#1 #%3#=#%(%’* /%’%: / =;7 5 . A
V
12V
+
R
2
R
1
I
D
V
D
+
+
330
1N4007
A
V
12V
+
R
2
R
1
I
Z
V
D
+
+
330
5V6 Zener 4
79+ T), t @ T = 20ms $ A/#/’’ : #%’/2 %<%(’##%U C f
I
RC f
V
RC
T
V V
p p
1
@ = @
d
[RC >T için] )3+9, 1 ##2 #’’##%3%’ f=#%#1 =%####A%(( I# ’#%# R’=(( =,%’#%3 / ’/2 %’ f =50Hz((%3 8 /’,% (’(2 (’((1 # ’/2 %=%###1 2 (’#A/% * <##%3 - = - @
C f
V
V
V V
p p
2
1
1
2
DA
d
[RC >T için] )3+<, RC <
, ) : =/’,% C’#2 #’((1 ’=M #6’?’#=##/%3F#A/’/2 % (’(2 (’((1 A%(##%(2 (##((1 #’=%(’ 1 %3’%’ 6$61 ##2 #’ f =100Hz ((’(%37
8 /’,%2 ’(2 (’((1 ’’#’/2 %=%###/%/%’2 %#U - = - @
C f
V
V
V V
p p
R 4
1
1
2
DA
d
[RC >T için] )3+C, RC <, /%32 ## min , min , 2 max ,
Z Z
Z
y
Z
y
RI V V
V R
I
V
R
- -
= > )9+C, /(’(%37$%#((1 (#%%#,% ,%((1 (’$%%((1 (# ( b
F
’%%(%(##%M #63’%’ F Z
Z
y
I
R
V V
I b ) (
min ,
min , 2
max ,
-
-
= )9+E, 7 , 0 - @ - =
Z BE Z ç
V V V V )9+F, - . 9+3),: / . 0)1,! = . 2 42. = / 993 !2/42. =. I %’#/$%#,% %= ,%%#((1 =%##%#: ’/ (($ ((2 2 (/%’2 #1 #%3 ’=%##2 ((#%<###((1 =%#####=%##’* %1 (’$%%<=%#%3= ’$% /% %’$%%/#’#%3 ’$%%= ,%%#$%(/% <(##%%3H H H ’2 %%#’#((1 ($6H %#=%##%= ,%%# /(%’(%3 + +
R
y
V
ç
R
I
z
V
2
I
y
I
R
y
V
ç
R
I
z
V
2
I
y
I
B
(a)
(b)
V
ç
I
ç
I
Z,max
V
Z
E im=r
d
E im=R
+ + 12
- . 9+9!2/ . . 4 . 7 999 /. 0. . )G A/G0((. 6, 7/2 %%= ,%’$%%#/’ : = ’/2 %=%##$%%#%2 $%#%#’ 1 %3 F =#%#1 =%####((1 =%###%(’#=%##A%(#((1 (((%<((’%= ’$%’* %(%3 ç ç D
I V V P · - = ) (
2
)9+H, 7$%’* %= : (<$%##%(%##((1 %#,% * %/% #’’’/’/1 #’((=%#%3’%’%#,%#’ # I
C
=0’/’# V
CE
=0/’2 ’%#,%’* %= P
D
=V
CE
×I
C
* %: (A(% /%3 %#,% * %/%(’(2 (’$%%B anahtar modlu Switch Mode C’$%%’#%3 &* %/’’$%%’/2 %=%### $’ 1 % ’ %3 - . 9+< /. 04 . /282 2A21. / )0AA , &* %/’’$%%#%,%M#6?’=,% ’#%3%’;-O) %#,%* % /% (’(%3 - %#,% 1 #’# % ’= # % ’ 2 # A * %((<%#/’#/%((<<’(2 (( RC: ###%# /’2 $ ((1 =%####%6<<%#/’ / ’2 #1 ’#2 ## ’#3 A * %( <(’(2 (’’#/(’/’2 ’= (/#’%3 0...t
k
: %(2 (’((’2 %# ) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) (
1
2 1
2
0
1 , L k L
t
k L
I t
L
V V
I dt V V
L
I
k
+
-
@ + - =
)9+*I, : %(2 (/’/#(( ( )
min ,
2 1
max , L k L
I t
L
V V
I +
-
@ )9+**, ’2 %# 1 (%3 ’ * % ((% /#’ = ( ’#/ : %#’ : % ’$’%3 a L
t
L a L
t
L
V
I dt V
L
I i
a
2
max ,
0
2 max , ,
1
- @ - =
)9+*3, V
2
V
1
+
+
i
L
i
D
L
C R
A
v
k
M
1
v
k
(t)
i
L
(t)
t
k
t
a
T
1 2
V
T
t
V
k
=
I
L,max
I
L,min
I
y
I
y
220V
AC
R
1
V
2
C
1
@ - ’$% R
2
V
ç
C
2
C
3
V
g
+ + 13
L %#/’(2 (’U ( )
a L k a L L L
t
L
V
I t
L
V V
t
L
V
I I i
2 2 1 2
max , min ,
) 0 ( ) 0 ( - +
-
= - = = )9+*9, 1 ##2 #’’##%3%’ ( )
0
2 2 1
= -
-
a k
t
L
V
t
L
V V
( )
k
a
t
t
V
V V
=
-
2
2 1
)9+*<, a k
a
t t
t
V
+
=
2
)9+*>, &* % < <%/’ T = t
k
Rt
a
/’2 =,% * %( <( /’2 %# <%/’/%( D’#% a k
k k
t t
t
T
t
D
+
= =
1 2
V D V · = )9+*C, ’%’((1 =%####* %((<<%’=/%/#1 %##’%N /1 /%(%%/’2 #1 #%##2 #=,% %3F((1 (#= 2 (/% /#’2 %#$* %A%(%(%3/#’’, F
CQ
EQ CC
BQ
EQ CC
BQ
BQ CC
B
I
V V
I
V V
I
V V
R b
10
6 , 0
10
6 , 0
10
1
- -
=
- -
=
-
= )<+C, F
CQ
EQ
BQ
EQ
BQ
BQ
B
I
V
I
V
I
V
R b
10
6 , 0
10
6 , 0
10
2
+
=
+
= = )<+E, 4 =%##: (’’##### R
E
’#%## ’2 %##% C
E
/’,% # ,<% #=%#%3 R
C
R
1
R
2
R
E
+V
CC
V
CQ
I
CQ
V
CEQ
V
EQ
V
BQ
+
+
+
R
C
R
B
+V
CC
V
CQ
I
CQ
V
CEQ
V
BQ
+
+
R
C
R
B
+V
CC
V
CQ
I
CQ
V
CEQ
V
BQ
R +
I
BQ
(b) (c) 18
3 7.5.47.595;.4&L G@ &;&80.)&L @ &+ 3 M #6?’#’$%%## V
CC
Q12V=%###’ V
CEQ
Q6V , I
CQ
=33mA(1 /((2 1 #’’#%’2 %%##* <((: 3 b
@((: 3 7$%# R
C
Q.............
R
B
Q.............
7$%# R
C
Q..............
R
B
Q.............
7$%# R
C
Q.............
R
E
Q............. R
B1
Q.............
R
B2
Q.............
3 )O+D@ &+ 3 M# 6?’# ’$%# /,% (( (( ’ ’2 #1 #%P DI
C
=f(DT) 2 (((( (%((: 3 3 M#6’?’#’$%’/,%(((((’2 #1 ##’’* : ’(%P %’##: 3 3 -O) %#,%%’’(1 /(((’2 #1 #%#P 5’P 19
3! 7.5.4 54&LG@ GMG 3 M#6?’#’$%#* <’(2 ((: ’#%%#%%: 3 - . <+3 3 %#,% (1 /((/,%=%##%##$/,%(((, : 3 3 &<%%$$/%2 (#/2 <%%’((%#,% /2 : $ /,% (( # /,% =%#### ’2 #1 ### ###: 3 ’2 : # ’2 %%# ’’##: 3 3 &<%%$$/%2 (##%* $%’((%#,% ((((: $/,% ((#/,%=%####’2 #1 ######: 3’2 : #’2 %%#’’##: 3 3 7$%#=#%#1 #2 (/’,% : %#’#%# %#2 (<0: ?## =%## =((: 3 7$%# =#%#1 $ ((1 ( /#//< 2 % ’= 1 #%## ###: 3F((1 #’=1 #’=,: =,% %#%/: /’%=#%#1 =%#### %(%((: 3) /%=#%#1 =%#####%: : %/: (=,% ’#2 ##%((1 =%###’ ’##: 3’%’%#,% /2 %$((%’=1 #’#/: (#: ##: $ 1 ###: ##: 3 - . <+9 !3 M #6?’#’$%#* <’(2 ((: ’#%%#%%: 3 3 -’’333?#%%((: 3 /#//< Y1 Y2
R
C
R
B1
+V
CC
V
CEQ
V
+
A
+
I
CQ
R
B2
R
E
(b)
1kHz
10uF
/#//< Y1 Y2 I
CQ
R
C
R
B
+V
CC
V
CEQ
V
+
A
+
(a)
1kHz
10uF 20
79++*,
(mA)
26 1
c m
e
I g
r = = T=290ºK, oda sıcaklı ı için
- . >+*! = . 20 . / A / R
k
C
2
C
1
R
C
R
1
R
2
R
E
C
E
R
y
v
1
v
2
+V
CC
R
ç
R
g
22
7$%#=#%#1 $((1 ’#%%#U ) //( //
2 1 e F g
r R R R b = )>+3, C O C ç
R r R R @ = // )>+9, . 2 % C
E
,%,<% /’,% (: =%## : ( ’ 1 % =#%#1 ’#%# %%3F((1 ’#%#’2 #1 : 3’%’U e E
C
V
r R
Ry R
v
v
K
+
- = =
//
1
2
)>+<, [ ] ) ( // //
2 1 e F g
r RE R R R + = b )>+>, 8 $$’#%###’/2 %,=’####((1 ##1 %#<’<=%#### V
CC
-V
EQ
’2 %#’ /(: (’(%3&#* ’((1 #1 %#$N $ ((’ (%<((%3 . (%<((: ((1 =%#### (## ## V
CQ
=%#### V
CC
# V
EQ
=%##%##/%(’##=%#%3 3 7.5.47.595;.4&L G@ &;&80.)&L @ &+ 3 M #6?’#’$%’%#,% (1 /((* <((: b
@((: 3 V
BQ
Q ............. V
EQ
Q .............
I
EQ
@ I
CQ
=
.............
V
CQ
Q .............
V
CEQ
Q .............
3 7$%#=%##: (#=#%#1 $((1 ’#%%## S
2
* %((<(’%## * <((: 3 K
V
Q............. R
g
Q.............
R
ç
Q.............
3 7$%#=%##: (#=#%#1 $((1 ’#%%## S
2
* %(((’%## * <((: 3 K
V
Q............. R
g
Q.............
R
ç
Q.............
3 F((1 (#=%###<’2 %##* <((: 3 V
2
(max) =...............
23
3 )O+D@ &+ 3 C
E
8/’,% ’$%#: (((#%P 8/’,% $/’,% : ’%’’$%# #1 %1 ’2 %###: %: A/% (%((: 3 3 #%$$’#%###’/2 %#%,=’(1 (2 (((%((: P &((3 3 R
E
’#%##’2 %#=,%#%#%P $ ###’2 #1 #%#%P 3! 7.5.4 54&LG@ GMG 3 M#6?’#’$%#%: 3 R
S
=0(’$%<((: 3 S
1
$ S
2
* %%((<( ’%=#%%’$%#(1 (%((: 3 3 %#,% (1 /((/,%: $,%’/2 %=%##%##, : $’’##: 3 - . >+3/ 3 7$%# =#%#1 # 0: A%( # ### #% #1 % =((: 3 v
2
=%#### <%##(%<(1 ’(2 (/’%=#%#1 =%####%(%((: 3/’ =#%#1 $((1 =%####<’2 %## V
1
(max), V
2
(max), ’’##: 3 3 E#%#1 =%####%(’ 1 % : 3 3 E#%#1 $((1 =%####<’2 %##’’##: 3E%##: ((* <((: 3 !3 S
2
&* %((((: 3-’’$? %%((: 3 3 E#%#1 R
S
=1kW %#’#%/%=#%#1 ((( , : 3Y i
1
= (v
k
-v
1
)/R
S
] 7$%#=#%#1 ’#%##* <((: 3Y R
g
= v
1
/i
1
] . 3 E#%#1 $((1 =%####’=1 #%##(%<((1 $(%<((1 ’%’#: ##: 3 /#//< Y1 Y2
S
2
560 12k
100
470mF
v
2
S
1
+12V
v
k
47mF
R
S
1kHz
i
1
2k2
v
1
24
79+?! =. 20 . / A 7#4<% 33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 7 %#* # 333333333333333333333333333333333333 3 V
CQ
V
BQ
V
EQ
I
C
Hesap
Deney
3 V
2
(max) = ................... V
1
(max) = ...................
6!3 3(. 35 V
1
V
2
K
V
V
1
V
2
K
V
3 V
k p
= ...............
V
1p
= ................ I
1p
= ..................
R
g
= ..................
3 0 0,5 1,5 2 2,5 3
v
2
(t)
(V)
1
t(ms)
0 0,5 1,5 2 2,5 3
v
1
(t)
(V)
1
t(ms) 25
! !3 7.5.4 5E&4.) -O) %#,% $$’#%##’$%%### !3 8D@ @ &5G@ &;&8&@ . @ .+H.-&@ I.-.@ .+ . @ 6. %/#2 ###-/’ . @ 6 -#% O#//< -O) %#,%5$1 ’2 %# 8 /’,%% m m 7#%% - !3 .-.@ @ E @ .+ C9* 0 0(. / -O) 8<’$%#/%%#,%<’$%#: %3%’,# I
DQ
(( 2 ( /% V
GS
=%#### * <( =%#%3 -O) (( ,=#’ (1 2 (’ ) - (
2
1
2
T GS
V V
L
W
KP I
DQ
=
)C+*, %’ KP=m
n
C
ox
’(%3%’ V
GS
,: % : T
2
V
W
L
KP
I
V
DQ
GS
+ =
)C+3, - . C+*0 . / A /
R
k
C
2
C
1
R
D
R
1
R
2
R
S
C
S
R
y
v
1
v
2
+V
CC
R
ç
R
g
D
S
G 26
V
GS
V
DQ
I
DQ
$ V
SQ
##’#2 #=,%’#%’2 %%#/* <(%3 V
SQ
=%###/% %#,%%’/’2 =## V
DD
=%####/’#%##$%(’##%3 DQ
DQ DD
D
I
V V
R
-
= )C+9, DQ
SQ
S
I
V
R = )C+<, -O) ?7&=#%#1 ’#%#/: ’##2 #’ R
1
$ R
2
’=( I
,
/ (##% mA%#’3G(( R
1
R
2
’#%%##-%(/1 #’##%3 I
V V V
R
S GS DD
- -
=
1
)C+>, I
V V
R
S GS
+
=
2
)C+C, M #!6?’#-O) 8$$’#%###=%##: ( ) // (
1
2
Ry R g
v
v
K
C m V
- = = )C+E, ) V - (V
T GS
L
W
KP g
m
=
7$%#=#%#1 $((1 ’#%%#U 2 1
// R R R
g
= )C+F, ds D ç
r R R // = )C+H, D
ds
I
r
l
1
= )C+*I, . 2 % C
E
,%,<% /’,% (: =%##: (’ 1 %3’%’U
1
) // (
1
2
S m
D m
V
R g
Ry R g
v
v
K
+
- = = )C+**, 8 $$’#%###’/2 %,=’####((1 ##1 %#<’<=%#### V
CC
-V
DQ
$ V
DSQ
’2 %%#’ /( : (’(%3 &# * ’ ((1 #1 %# $ ((’(%<((%3. (%<((: ((1 =%####(#### V
DQ
=%#### V
CC
#
V
SQ
=%##%##/%(’##=%#%3 27
!3 7.5.47.595;.4&L G@ &;&80.)&L @ &+
3 M #!6’$%###-O) %#,% (1 /((* <((: V
T
=2V, l=0,04V
-1
,
KP(W/L)=100·10
-3
A/V
2
, ((: 3 V
GSQ
Q............. V
SQ
Q.............
I
SQ
@ I
DQ
= ............
V
DQ
Q .............
V
DSQ
Q .............
3 7$%#=%##: (#=#%#1 $((1 ’#%%## S
2
* %((<(’%## * <((: 3 K
V
Q............. R
g
Q.............
R
ç
Q.............
3 7$%#=%##: (( S
2
* %(((’%##* <((: 3 K
V
Q............. 3 F((1 (#=%###<’2 %##* <((: 3 V
2
(max)=...............
!3 )O+D@ &+ 3 -O) $$’#%###/%%#,% #, - – =
+
=
k
k
s
arctg
s
A A
w p
j
w
w
w
2
) (
2
2
0
)E+C, %’Z#1 %#: (R$6/1 =,%((%3E#%#1 A/#/##R((1 A/#/##6((%3) /: %%<(’(2 (’ ’$%#: (6/%3 R
k
1
1
sC
R
g
+
V
2
+
V
1
R
ç
R
y
+
V
2
g
m
V
be
(a) Giri devresi (b) Çıkı devresi
2
1
sC
R
k
C
2
C
1
R
C
R
1
R
E
C
E
R
y
v
1
R
ç
R
g
R
2
b
e
+
+
c
v
2
C
ce
r
b’e
C
b’e
r
bb’
b’
g
m
v
b’e
+
r
oe
C
b’c
v
b’e
C
ce
32
’$%%’#%##: $A: 2 %##/’2 %###: ##%M#6?’=,% A%$($A%%%##2 #’’##%3%$<%(%(/=%##,# %#/=%##=## dB/%’/2 %=%A#2 (’(#: ##%3 - . E+<),7. / = 22 . 6)1, = =( 2. / = 22 . ;5 ;/7 8 8 /’,%%# ##: /’2 /% A%%’ 2 ( : ’ A: ’(%3 8< A%(’ f = f
k
: $((1 =%###6’?’ 1 %/%A%%’#’2 %## ?#3A%A: ’/%A%%=,% %%3 . ,%,<% /’,% ###%: ’* %1 ((%3. ,%/’,% <’((/ (2 (’%A%%’<%2 ( R
E
-C
E
#A## <’( Z
E
#: E e
y C
V
Z r
R R
K A
+
- = =
//
)E+E, 1 +
=
E E
E
E
C sR
R
Z %#/% ) (
) (
) (
) (
//
) (
0
0
0
k k e
y C
s s
s s
K
s s
s s
r
R R
s A
-
-
=
-
-
- = )E+F, ) (A(%A%( E E
C R
s
1
0 0
= - = w $! . 0 . / A (. . 5 A1 ’%’,%,<% /’,% : ’’$%#A%$(M #6?’# =## /%3 /’,%%# #%# ’ 1 % $$’#%## ’$%# (( A% $( M# 6?# =## /(%3 D=’ R
E
-C
E
#A## /1 %’2 < A%( C
1
, C
2
T#/1 %’2 >w
k
3. 2 % r
bb’
’#%##* ’#: #%<’%’=#%3,
(mA)
26 1
c m
e
I g
r = = T=290ºK, oda sıcaklı ı için
F93 8 ;A ’’$%’ V
1
$ '
1
V 1 #1 %(#’2 #1 #2 #’ ((’2 #1 ’#2 #’ V
2
$
'
2
V
’2 #1 : 3D=’$%#’(2 (/%(1 T
3
%#,% ((1 ’#%# r
o
/: /’(2 (’ V
1
$ '
1
V #%#’2 #1 #2 #’ ((’#%#%’2 #1 #%32 (40
/% V
2
$ '
2
V
’’2 #1 #%3 V
2
’#’2 #1 ## '
1 1
V V =
’#’2 #1 #/%(B/%#1 %: (C ’#%3 o
C
C
r
R
V V
V
K
2 ) (
'
1 1
2
- =
= D
D
= )F+C, 8 %%#,% T
3
((1 ’#%# r
o
R
C
?=,%/ /’2 ’ K
C
/%#1 % : (?’/ %37#A%#: (/%#1 %: (/%(B/%#1 % (%/%(;//-/’+ J #/+ #/;-++C’($%##%3 [ ]
=
=
e
o
C
D
r
r
K
K
CMMR
2
log 20 log 20 dB
10 10
)F+E, ##%A%$$’#%###’;--+’?’ /(’(%3 3 7.5.47.595;.4&L G@ &;&80.)&L @ &+ 3 M # 6T’#’$%’’/2 %((1 ($=%##%##* <((: 3 V
EQ3
Q............. V
EQ1
Q............. I
Q.................. V
CQ1
Q.............
3 7$%#A%: (( * <((: 3 K
D
Q............. 3 7$%#/%#1 % : ((* <((: r
oe
=100kW ((: 3 K
C
Q.............
3 O%#1 % : (A(( * <((: 3 CMRRQ............. - . F+3K ;A=. 52. 3 )O+D@ &+ 3O%#1 %: (A((’* A: %(%##’$%’=##’2 #1 ##%<(##%P M ##: %((: 3 3 #%$’ A%(’2 #1 #1 %%#$$’#%#% A%$$’#%###<(##%(P 5(P &(((: 3 3%$$’#%###/%=#%#1 $((1 ($$’#%##/%(##%(P 5(P &(((: 3 /#//< Y1 Y2
5k6
82k
10k
470
V
2
V
1
+
I
+12V
12V
T
1
T
2
T
3
5k6
'
1
V '
2
V 41
3! 7.5.4 54&LG@ GMG !3 M# 6?’# ’$%# %: 3 7$%# 1 ## /%(’# ’/2 % =%##%# #% $/%#, : 3 / 6T’’##: 3 3 7$%#=#%#1 #0: A%(# ####%#1 %=((: 3E#%#1 =%#### v
2
=%####<%#(%<(1 #’%((: 3E#%#1 $((1 =%##%##/#//< ,% ’$%# ’#A%# =%## : (( : 3 Not: Diferansiyel çıkı gerilimini
ölçmek için osiloskobun Y1 ve Y2 giri lerini aynı anda T
1
ve T
2
transistörlerinin kollektörlerine
ba layarak (Y1-Y2) gerilimini ölçünüz. 3 V
2
$ V
2
’=%##%##/##//<#% =%A#2 (’(#: ##: 3 3 T
2
%#,% : ((/<%(%% T
1
?#: (##%## %#2 ((: 3 M # 63F((1 , ##%#1 %=,%’%=#%#1 =%####%(%((: 3F((1 $ =#%#1 =%##%#/%((%/%/’: ((: 3;-++’2 %##* <((: 3 - . F+9 8 ;A=. 52. /#//< Y1 Y2
5k6
82k
10k
470
V
2
V
1
+
+12V
-12V
T
1
T
2
T
3
5k6
'
1
V '
2
V 42
79+, y
CC
CC CQ CC
R
V
V I V P
2
DA
= = )H+C, 25 , 0
4
1
) 2 /(
) 8 /(
2
2
DA
(max)
max
= = = =
Y CC
Y CC
Y
R V
R V
P
P
h )H+E, ’’##%34#&6) ((A(#%$’#%##’$%#[?’: /: /%’’(%38 # = [?’ A: ( %#,%’ * %(% $ (( ’, 1 %3 : ’ &6((A( $$’#%##%= $$’#%###/%(=’2 #’#%3 H9< + 0 . / A H %## %(% ## 6((A( $$’#%##% $ ’#2 %%# ((’(%3 $$’#%##%’/2 %’2 #’#%36) ((A($$’#%###’/2 %/%### ##%#,%(%B<* 60,6V
I
o
v
g
(q) p 2p +
V
B
+
V
B
t46
V
y
(max) =...............
3 . ((1 = ###(( I
CC
= I
0
) * <((: 3 3 V
y
=6V
p
##’$%#$%###* <((: 3 3 )O+D@ &+ 3 6)((A( $$’#%##’ ((1 =%### (A(% ’2 %# %(’ ’2 #1 #2 #’ $%##((1 =%####’2 #1 ####: ##: 3 3 6)((A(<1 6<$$’#%##’=#1 /: ((: ##&6((A((1 ’(1 (’ %<((%3&(((: 3 3 6)((A(<1 6<$$’#%##’(%<(/’((1 =%####%(%##( B//% 3 F((1 =%####/#//<,%’’##: 37$%#($%#=#1 ’#%## A * <((: 3E%###$(((%’$%#=#%#1 ’#%##* <((: 3 R
g
=v
g
/i
g
3 S
2
* %%(((O5’%=#%%3$3’’%#%%((: 37$%#=%# #=#1 ’#%## A
r
=#%#1 ’#%## R
gr
$=%##: (( K
r
, : 3 - . *I+C 3 M#6!?’#’$%#%: 37$%#=%#1 #0: ?## =%##=((: 3 S
2
* %((<(O5’%=#%%#: #%# ’=(’’’%=#%#1 =%####%((: 37$%#=#%#1 $((1 =%##%##/#//<, : 3 7$%#=%# #: =#1 ##2 ## A=#%#1 ’#%## R
g
$=%##: (( K, : 3 3 S
2
* %(( ( O ’% =#%% 3 ’’# %%((: 3 7$%# =%# #=#1 ##2 ## A
r
=#%#1 ’#%## R
gr
$=%##: (( K
r
, : 3 !3 S
2
* %((($<(’%##’$%#A%%%##2 ###: ##: 3 /#//< Y1 Y2
v
ç
=v
c
180
10k
V
g
+12V
i
g
i
b2
i
a1
1k
47m
S
2
v
k
R
S
S
g k
g
R
v v
i
-
=
S
1
10k
47m
/#//< Y1 Y2
S
2
560 12k
100 470mF
v
2
S
1
+12V
47mF
2k2
i
b1
i
a2
10k
R
S
53
79+, M #6?’#’$%/<’$%#’#% ( )
+ - = + =
B A B A
V
R
R
V
R
R
V k kV V
'
1
2
1
2 '
2
)**+C, - . **+3),!(. A6)1,& 4 . . / 6)A,!2 . / **93 # 4. !2. /. #% #1 $$’#%## $ +6; %( % =#%#1 #1 %## #=%# $ %$# (##%38/’,% (’#* (%(% ) 0 ( ) (
1
) (
) (
) (
+ = =
C C C
C
C
V dt t i
C
t v
dt
t dv
C t i )**+E, M #6?’#’$%’U 1
1
1 2
) (
) (
R
t v
i i t i
C
= = = )**+F, ) 0 ( ) (
1
) (
1
1 2
2
+ - =
C
V dt t v
R C
t v )**+H, F((1 =%###=#%#1 =%#####=%#/%3: %1 #’M #6?’#’$%’U dt
t dv
R C R t i R t i t v
) (
) ( ) ( ) (
1
2 1 2 1 2 2 2
- = - = - = )**+*I, V
A
V
B
R
2
. =%’$%# I
2
V
2
R’
1
+
_
-V
CC
R
2
/<(( R
1
I
1
I’
1
i
2
v
2
v
1
R
1
+
_
+V
CC
-V
CC
C
2
i
1
%$’$%# i
2
v
2
v
1
C
1
+
_
+V
CC
-V
CC
i
1
56
**99 2;45/. 1 $$’#%##%#%B#A : =C’$%%#< ’ %3M #6? B) 68C<((’###’%’$ =#% %’## : =’$%# =,% ’#%3<(’#’$%%#%A%A/#/ 4 3 2 1 4 2 1
4 3
) (
) (
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z
s H
+ + +
= )**+**, 4 3 2 1
2
1
C C R R
f
k
p
= )**+*3, ) ( 2
1
4 3 2
4 3 2 1
C C R
C C R R
Q
+
= =
z
)**+*9, %’ f #A%( Q : =#’2 %(( z#, ((’(%3 zQ # A 2. +282 . =. 52. 3 E#%#1 A%((%(%((: 3F((1 6H %(’2 #1 #%%’==,%#’#2 ##: A%(: 3 !3 7$%#’((1 =%#### $’ 1 %%##, : 3 3 7$%###3’’#%%((: 3 3 &(’$%#;-O) <(%%%6666!1 (%((%%((: 3 v
g
v
ç
v
g
v
ç
Y1 Y2 Y1 Y2
(a) (b) 64
79+